Aggregate for improving portland cement concretes



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Patented Jan. 4, 1949 UNITED 'sTA'rE's os's REFERENC H 2,458,039, U AGGREGATE FOR IMPROVING ronmmn PATENT; o Fica CEMENT CONGRETEs x I a BertrandH. Wait, New aocimn mx, v No Drawing. Application October 5, 1945,

smaimszmsz ZCl'aims. (o1. roeass; 39 L to the disintegrating effects of freezing and'thawing, and to the attack of water borne media such as the salts, acids and alkalies encountered in sea water, sewage andvarious-industrial wastes, and in the ice control. treatments oi concrete pavements. v

The setting phenomenon of Portland cement is attended by the release of substances, primarily lime hydrate, which are partially soluble in water and even when not leached out of a cementitious matrix are subject to wide variations in volume both during formation and in the presence of varying degrees of moisture. Under the most favorable conditions the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere combines with the lime hydrate to form calcium carbonate, a substance only slightly soluble in ordinary water, which serves toiill thepores in the surface of the concrete andto form an envelope about the concrete. Calcium carbonate, however, is not only soluble in water containing carbon dioxide but also in sea water, sewage, industrial wastes and the like containing various solvents. If the calcium carbonate envelope is not dissolved it remains as a hard, brittle, crystalline substance which is a serious disadvantage in concrete or mortars which are subjected to variations in temperature or moisture.- The calcium carbonate crystals have a different coefilcient of expansion than the materialv in the interior of the concrete and this is a contributing cause, if not one of the prime causes, of scaling followed by progressive and destructive disintegration of the concrete. Thus, the substances released by the setting of the Portland cement, unless otherwise neutralized or chemically satisfied remain as a permanent threat to theintegrity and durability'of concretes and mortars made therefrom.

Attempts; have been made to prevent the entrance of water and water borne corrosive media into concrete by intergrinding the cement with substances that produce water soluble soaps or other saponaceous substances which froth and thereby entrain air in the form of minute bubbles. In some cases these substances, at least in part, are converted intoinsoluble soaps -by the 66 t g lime released during the progressive hydration of the cement, but this conversion utilizes only aminute proportion of the undesirable lime. Furthermore, ithas been demonstrated that practically all. of the efiect oilv such water-proofing agents is on the aggregate rather than on the cement and that the activity of such air entraining agents is influenced to a marked degree by factors such as the particle size of the sand, the

quantity of. mixing water and the physical conditions, such as time and temperature, attending the mixing and manipulation of the concrete. Although water-proofing has generally been achieved the concrete has frequently been deficient in strength and in. resistance to abrasion.

To obtain more consistent results it has been proposed to incorporate the air entraining agents at the mixer in quantities predetermined to produce the most satisfactory results under the conditions prevailing at the site of the work and with the specific aggregates used. This, however, is

I only a partial. solution of the problem and, in order to obtain consistently good results, it is necessary to build integrity into the concrete by improving the cementing material,

The principal object of my invention isto pro.- vide a: composition of matter which, in and of itself, is capable of co bining with and 35 combine therewith and substantially enhance the density and strength of the concrete and its resistance to the disintegrating efl'ects of freezing and thawing. In other words, the principal object ofmy invention is to providea chemical cor- 40 ..iqr tkie; .l?szrtlandcement whfcfi may 5e e concre e or mortar and be orpor present and available therein, as and when necessary, for combining with the limy substances 45 progresses, and whilifif not needed to form such.

achemical combinati wi 13 "e'l1me, will remain as a stable pj gerwi inertfi re ate of "a c s "ch'wi enhance e ensi y of the concrete and thereby reduce the absorption 50 and permeability thereof.

My composition is formed principally of a water-cooled sla havin a high silica; content 5 low me content and a comparatively low magnesia conten': and which is further treated or combined wi2h: a. special jag 132E or water:

a rne..lim .r eee...issa s en ii? 30 ion entire-Portland ceme'n": an l 'v v lfifi as nniwnnl 3 roofing a cut for the purpose of stimulating the latent cementltious activity of the composition A preferred slaganalysisE in which the percentages state are y weig is as-follows:

Percent S102 32-40 CaO less than 47 MgO less tha 6 A1203 less than 18 S less than i 2 FeO less than 0. '7

The slag is of course finely ground but the fineness may be varied to produce the densest and strongest concrete. Thus, in cases where the sand to be used is a well graded sand carrying suflicient fines to give a dense, strong concrete the slag aggregate should preferably be ground so that not less than 85% of the material will pass a 200 mesh sieve. Unless finely ground, the slag is not in the most favorable condition for combining with the lime released by the Portland cement.

. In case a poorly graded sand is to be used, the slag may be ground so that will all pass a. 100 mesh sieve. In that case a portion, approximately 50%, of the lag would serve as a filer to give a e er graded, fine aggregate and a denser and stronger concrete, while approxi of the slag so ground would pass a 200 mesh sieve 40 and be in availam m ioi mica! combination W1 the lime released by the cement.

In the preparation of t e s there is ground therewith a small quantity of a water-soluble h drox -alk lamine or a saltor dc va ve therecl; l'hfe'ethanol amines, and partlcfiarly iriethanol amine being preferred; which functions not only as a waterproofing and plasticizing agent but, as pointed out above. to stimulate the latent cementitious activity of the composition.

The quantity of the special stimulating agent in my composition is quite critical, but may vary from about 0.0033% to about 0.70%, by weight, depending upon the proportion of Portland cement in the concrete mix with which it is to be incorporated, and the quantity of grinding compound, if any, in said cement. The presence in any ordinary class of concrete of this agent and a grinding compound in quantities aggregating V much in excess of about 0.05%, by weight, of the Portland cement therein is undesirable, and, as a general rule, the Quantity of the hydroxy-alkyl n my composition will be desTgTfHtb'fiid vide an amine content in the concrete of only from about 0.02% to 0.03%, by weight, of the Portland cement in said concrete. For example, where seven bags of Portland cement are to be used to form a batch of concrete and the cement carries very little or no grinding compound, if one bag of my composition containing 0.35% by weight of plasticizer were incorporated in the mix the plasticizer would constitute about 0.05%, by weight, of the Portland cement in the concrete.

Very excellent'results both in increased resistance to freezing and thawing and also increased 4 strength are attainable by replacing about 20% of the Portland cement which would ordinarily be used in any concrete with my composition. Comparative tests made in one laboratory between a straight Portland cement concrete and the same concrete in which 20% of the Portland cement was re b r coos n s owe e o owing res Strength in lbsJ sq. in. Composition 7 Days 28 Days straight Portland cement conc.... 2, 3, 280

0 Portland cement concrete with 20% oimy composition 2, 200 3, s10

Freezing and Thawing- Same No. of Cycles I in each case Composition gg g gg fffi 'tt e g Loss figg v 100?, straight Portland cement concrete.-- 86. l 100 0 Portland cement concrete with 20% of my composition. 13. 0 12. 8

In other words, the concrete in which 20% of the Portland cement was replaced with my composition, was about 16% stronger in 28 days than the straight Portland cement concrete; and the weight loss when subjected to the same number v35 of cycles of freezing and thawing was only about Strength ililn lbs/sq. Composition 7 Days 28 Days Btrai ht Portland cement concrete 2, 416 2, 711 92.2 0 Portland cement with 7.8% oi my composition 3,182 3,609

Percent Weight Loss I Freezing and Thawing Composition Cycles Straight Portland cement concrete 0. 1 l7. 0 26. 6 60. 0

2% Portland cement with 7.8% of my composition 0 10. 1 l6. 8 28. 0

From the foregoing it will be apparent that, by replacing a portion of the Portland cement which would ordinarily be employed in the concrete by an approximately equal weight of my composition,

a concrete having not only higher strength but substantially greater resistance to weathering is produced. For these reasons my composition is particularly adapted for use in pavements and other structures which are exposed to freezing and thawing. In pavements which are subjected to heavy motor tramc it is particularly desirable because, the usual formation of calcium carbonate on the surface of the pavement and which, as pointed out above, is soluble in water containing carbon dioxide, is prevented, and thus, a potential causeof scaling is eliminated.

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C3068 Rene-1 E What I claim is: Y

1. A dry aggregate adapted to be substituted for and to replace a portion of the cement in Portland cement concrete; said aggregate consisting substantially of finely pulverized watercooled slag containing, by weight, at least 32 of r silica, less than about 47% of lime, and less than about 6% of magnesia, and having intimately mixed therewith from 0.0033% to about 0.70% of a hydroxy-alkyl amine; said aggregate having the properties of combining with and neutralizing the limy substances released by said Portland cement, as the hydration thereof progresses, to form additional cement in said concrete, and without impairing the strength thereof, endowing said concrete with substantially greater resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing than it' 6 of magnesia, and having intimately mixed therewith from 0.0033% to about 0.70% of triethanol amine: said aggregate having the properties of combining with and neutralizing the limy substances released by said Portland cement, as the hydration thereof progresses, to form additional cement in said'conc'rete, and, without impairing i V the strength thereof, endowing said concrete with will Substantially greater resistance to disintegration by freezing and thawing than it would otherwise have if formed with Portland cement alone, a mixture of Portland cement and said amine alone, or a mixture of Portland cement and slag alone.

BERTRAND n. WAIT.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,254,252 Wertz Sept. 2, 1941 2,031,621 Tucker Feb. 25, 1936 1,763,937 Stievater June 17, 1930 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 454,944 Great Britain Oct. 9, 1936 

